Programmable current exciter for measuring AC immittance of cells and batteries

ABSTRACT

An exciter of periodic square-wave current for measurement of complex ac impedance or admittance is described. A microcontroller/processor outputs two digital words that define upper and lower current levels. These words are latched and converted to analog voltages by D/A converter circuitry. A timing signal at the measurement frequency, also outputted by the microprocessor/controller, controls a multiplexer arranged to select either analog voltage. The multiplexer output thus toggles between the two programmed analog voltages at the measurement frequency. 
     By virtue of negative feedback, the toggled multiplexer output voltage equals the voltage developed across a resistance in series with the cell/battery. Two complementary transistors and a dc voltage source are arranged such that a positive multiplexer output directs a programmed current through this resistance in the “discharge” direction, and a negative multiplexer output directs a programmed current through it in the “charge” direction. Accordingly, the current through the cell/battery is a symmetrical square wave having frequency, amplitude, average value, and average flow direction completely under program control.

The present application is a Continuation of and claims priority of U.S.patent application Ser. No. 09/977,049, filed Oct. 12, 2001 now U.S.Pat. No. 6,466,026, the content of which is hereby incorporated byreference in its entirety.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

The present invention relates to electronically testing electrochemicalcells and batteries. More specifically, it relates to method andapparatus for passing a programmably-determined periodic current throughan electrochemical cell or battery to facilitate measurement of at leastone component of its ac immittance (i.e., either ac impedance or acadmittance) at a specific frequency.

Electrochemical cells and batteries, such as primary cells/batteries,secondary (i.e., storage) cells/batteries, and fuel cells/batteries areimportant sources of electrical energy. As such, their compleximpedance/admittance is of both theoretical and practical interest.Recent U.S. patents issued to Champlin disclose methods and apparatusfor accurately measuring components of complex impedance (U.S. Pat. No.6,002,238; U.S. Pat. No. 6,172,483) and complex admittance (U.S. Pat.No. 6,262,563) of cells/batteries at a specific frequency. A commonfeature of these inventions is that they all employ a periodic current—acurrent that need not be sinusoidal—to excite the cell/batteryundergoing test.

Consider FIG. 1. This figure depicts immittance-measuring apparatusdisclosed in the prior art U.S. Pat. Nos. 6,002,238, 6,172,483, and6,262,563 and shows details of current excitation circuitry disclosedtherein. Current exciter 5 comprises a series combination of loadresistor 25 and controlled switch (i.e. transistor) 30 connected tocell/battery 10 through current-carrying contacts A and B. A symmetricaltiming signal 70 outputted by microprocessor/controller 20 turnscontrolled switch 30 “on” and “off” at the measurement frequency f.Accordingly, a square-wave current −i(t) at frequency f flows throughthe cell/battery in the discharging direction as shown. (By convention,cell/battery current is assumed positive in the charging direction.) Thepeak to peak amplitude and average value of this generated square waveare |V_(B)/R_(L)| amps and −(V_(B)/2R_(L)) amps, respectively, whereV_(B) is the cell/battery voltage and R_(L) is the load resistance.Current exciter 5 also outputs a signal voltage R_(L)i(t) 35 forprocessing by the remaining measurement circuitry. The function andoperation of all other elements depicted in FIG. 1 have been fullyexplained in the referenced Champlin patents and will not be repeatedherein.

One problem with this prior art current exciter is that the excitationcurrent is inevitably a discharging current. There is, however, ampletheoretical basis for believing that immittance measured with zero netcurrent, or even with a net charging current, is equally important.Furthermore, the amplitude of the generated square-wave in this priorart circuit is fixed at a value determined by the cell/battery voltageand the resistance of the load resistor. This fixed amplitude may not belarge enough to develop sufficient ac voltage across low-impedancecells/batteries for accurate measurement. Or, it may be so large thathigh-impedance cells/batteries are driven into nonlinearity. All ofthese objections to the method disclosed in the prior art are surmountedby the inventions disclosed herein.

The programmable current exciter disclosed herein bears some resemblanceto the “flying bridge” circuit disclosed in FIG. 5 of PCT Application WO99/18448. However, a careful comparison of the two inventions revealsvery significant differences in the objectives, implementation andresults achieved.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

The present invention comprises an exciter of periodic square-wavecurrent for use in measuring one or more components of complex acimpedance or admittance of a cell or battery. Amicrocontroller/processor outputs two digital words that define upperand lower current levels. These words are latched and converted toanalog voltages by D/A converter circuitry. A timing signal at themeasurement frequency, also outputted by the microprocessor/controller,controls a multiplexer arranged to select either analog voltage. Themultiplexer output thus toggles between the two programmed analogvoltages at the measurement frequency.

By virtue of negative feedback, the toggled multiplexer output voltageequals the voltage developed across a resistance in series with thecell/battery. Two complementary transistors and a dc voltage source arearranged such that a positive multiplexer output directs a programmedcurrent through this resistance in the “discharge” direction, and anegative multiplexer output directs a programmed current through it inthe “charge” direction. Accordingly, the current through thecell/battery is a symmetrical square wave having frequency, amplitude,average value, and average flow direction completely under programcontrol.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1 depicts immittance-measuring apparatus disclosed in prior artU.S. Pat. Nos. 6,002,238, 6,172,483, and 6,262,563 and shows details ofthe current excitation circuitry disclosed therein.

FIG. 2 depicts the apparatus of FIG. 1 with its prior art currentexcitation circuitry replaced by current exciter 100 in accordance withone aspect of the present invention.

FIG. 3 is a schematic representation disclosing details of currentexciter 100 of FIG. 2 in accordance with one aspect of the presentinvention.

FIG. 4 is a schematic representation of a portion of the circuit of FIG.3 showing the path of current flow under conditions of positive controlvoltage in accordance with one aspect of the present invention.

FIG. 5 is a schematic representation of a portion of the circuit of FIG.3 showing the path of current flow under conditions of negative controlvoltage in accordance with one aspect of the present invention.

FIG. 6 is graph of the timing signal as a function of time in accordancewith one aspect of the present invention.

FIG. 7 is a graph of battery current i(t) as a function of time forparticular values of I₀ and I₁ in accordance with one aspect of thepresent invention.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS

Consider FIG. 2. This figure depicts the apparatus of FIG. 1 with itsprior art current excitation circuitry replaced by current exciter 100in accordance, with the present invention. In addition to communicating“Timing Signal” 70 to current exciter 100, microprocessor/controller 20also communicates “I₀ & I₁ Data”, 110, as well as the two commands“Latch I₀ Level”, 120, and “Latch I₁ Level”, 130. The quantities I₀ andI₁ denote two programmable levels of a square-wave excitation current.Current exciter 100 also outputs a signal voltage R_(F)i(t) 140 forprocessing by the remaining measurement circuitry. All other elementsdepicted in FIG. 2 function and operate identically to those in theChamplin patents referenced above.

FIG. 3 discloses details of current exciter 100 of FIG. 2 in accordancewith one aspect of the present invention. Digital “I₀ & I₁ Data” signal110 is presented to the inputs of both latch 150 and latch 160. Uponassertion of a “Latch I₀ Level” command 120 by microprocessor/controller20, a number proportional to the value of I₀ is stored in latch 150.Similarly, upon assertion of a “Latch I₁ Level” command 130 bymicroprocessor/controller 20, a number proportional to the value of I₁is stored in latch 150. The digital values stored in latches 150 and 160are presented to the inputs of D/A converters 170 and 180, respectively.Accordingly, the analog voltages at the outputs of D/A converters 170and 180 have values V₀ and V₁, respectively, corresponding to currentlevels I₀ and I₁, respectively. Multiplexer 190, controlled bysymmetrical “Timing Signal” 70, accepts analog voltages V₀ and V₁ asinputs. Accordingly, the output of multiplexer 190 is a symmetricalsquare-wave that oscillates between voltage levels V_(0 and V) ₁ at themeasurement frequency f.

The output of multiplexer 190 connects to the noninverting input ofoperational amplifier 200, and the inverting input of operationalamplifier 200 connects to the left side of feedback resistor 210.Negative feedback requires the voltages at the inverting andnoninverting inputs of operational amplifier 200 to be equal.Accordingly, the voltage at the left side of resistor 210 emulates thevoltage applied to the noninverting input of operational amplifier 200by multiplexer 190. This equality of voltages is accomplished throughpower supplied to resistor 210 by cell/battery 10 (having dc voltageV_(B)), auxiliary dc supply 220 (having dc voltage V_(S)>V_(B)), andcomplementary power mosfets Q1 and Q2. The functioning of these fourpower elements leading to voltage equality can be readily explained withreference to FIGS. 4 and 5.

FIG. 4 depicts conditions that prevail when the dc voltage applied tothe noninverting input of operational amplifier 200 is a positive value,V⁺=V₀>0. A discharging (negative) current I₀=−(V₀/R_(F)) 230 flows outof the positive terminal of cell/battery 10 via contact A, throughn-channel mosfet transistor Q1, returning to cell/battery 10 viaresistor 210 and contact B.

FIG. 5 depicts conditions that prevail when the dc voltage applied tothe noninverting input of operational amplifier 200 is a negative value,V⁺=V1<0. A charging (positive) current I₁=−(V₁/R_(F)) 240 flows out ofthe negative terminal of cell/battery 10 via contact B, through resistor210, through p-channel mosfet transistor Q2, through auxiliary dc supply220, returning to the positive terminal of cell/battery 10 via contactA. Note that V_(S) must be larger than V_(B) in order for this chargingcurrent to be viable.

FIG. 6 is graph of timing signal 70 as a function of time. One sees thattiming signal 70 is a symmetrical square wave that oscillates between alogic “zero” and a logic “one” with period T=1/f, where f is themeasurement frequency.

FIG. 7 is a graph of battery current i(t) (assumed positive in thecharging direction) as a function of time under the assumption that atiming-signal logic “zero” results in I₀<0, and a timing-signal logic“one” results in I₁>0. One sees from FIG. 7 that the peak-to-peakcurrent amplitude of i(t) is given by

I _(p−p) =|I ₁ −I ₀ |=|V ₁ −V ₀ |/R _(F) amps  (1)

and the average or dc value of i(t) is $\begin{matrix}{I_{A\quad V} = {\frac{I_{1} + I_{0}}{2} = {{- \left( \frac{V_{1} + V_{0}}{2R_{F}} \right)}\quad a\quad m\quad p\quad s}}} & (2)\end{matrix}$

In FIG. 7, I_(AV)<0 indicating a net “discharging” current. In general,however, the average current can be either positive, negative, or zero;corresponding to a net “charging” current, a net “discharging” current,or zero net (dc) current. Accordingly, the time-varying current throughthe cell/battery is a symmetrical square wave having frequency,amplitude, average value, and average flow direction completely underthe programmed control of microprocessor/controller 20. This completesthe disclosure of my invention.

Although the invention has been described with reference to preferredembodiments, workers skilled in the art will recognize that changes canbe made in form and detail without departing from the true spirit andscope of the invention. For example, auxiliary dc supply 220 couldencompass any source of dc power including a self-containedelectrochemical battery, a solar battery, or a rectifier-type powersupply connected to the ac mains. Transistors Q1 and Q2 could comprisecomplementary bipolar junction transistors as well as complementarymosfet transistors. Other periodic waveforms, such as sine waves andtriangle waves, could be generated in place of square waves. Anyimmittance component or combination thereof could be measured includingimpedance magnitude, admittance magnitude, phase angle, resistance,reactance, conductance, or susceptance. These, and other, variationswill be apparent to one skilled in the art and are intended to fallwithin the scope of the appended claims.

Although the present invention has been described with reference topreferred embodiments, workers skilled in the art will recognize thatchanges may be made in form and detail without departing from the spiritand scope of the invention.

What is claimed is:
 1. Apparatus for passing a periodic time-varyingcurrent at a particular measurement frequency through an electrochemicalcell or battery comprising: an auxiliary dc power supply contacting afirst terminal of said cell or battery and adapted to inject currentinto said cell or battery in the charging direction; a resistorcontacting a second terminal of said cell or battery and adapted toconduct current through said cell or battery in either the chargingdirection or the discharging direction; a pair of complementarytransistors connected in series across said auxiliary dc power supplyand arranged to conduct current through said resistor in either thecharging direction or the discharging direction; an operationalamplifier arranged to sense the voltage across said resistor at aninverting input and to control conduction of said complementarytransistors; and, a signal source delivering a periodic control signalat said measurement frequency to a noninverting input of saidoperational amplifier.
 2. Apparatus as in claim 1 wherein said periodiccontrol signal is a square wave signal.
 3. Apparatus as in claim 1wherein said periodic control signal is a sine wave signal.
 4. Apparatusas in claim 1 wherein said complementary transistors are complementarymosfet transistors.
 5. Apparatus as in claim 1 wherein saidcomplementary transistors are complimentary bipolar junctiontransistors.
 6. Apparatus as in claim 1 wherein said auxiliary dc powersupply is an electrochemical cell or battery.
 7. Apparatus as in claim 1wherein said auxiliary dc power supply is a rectifier-type power supplyconnected to ac mains.
 8. Apparatus as in claim 2 wherein said squarewave signal comprises an output voltage of a multiplexer toggled betweenfirst and second dc voltage levels by a timing signal at saidmeasurement frequency.
 9. Apparatus as in claim 8 wherein said first andsecond dc voltage levels result from analog to digital conversion offirst and second latched digital words.
 10. Apparatus as in claim 8wherein said timing signal is outputted by a microprocessor ormicrocontroller.
 11. Apparatus as in claim 9 wherein said first andsecond latched digital words are outputted by a microprocessor ormicrocontroller.
 12. Apparatus for exciting an electrochemical cell orbattery with a time-varying current comprising: an auxiliary dc powersource having terminal voltage larger than the terminal voltage of saidelectrochemical cell or battery; a pair of transistors connected to saidcell or battery and to said auxiliary dc power source, the first one ofsaid transistors arranged to pass current through said cell or batteryin the discharging direction, the second one of said transistorsarranged to pass current from said auxiliary dc power source throughsaid electrochemical cell or battery in the charging direction; aresistor arranged to conduct current through said cell or battery ineither said discharging direction or in said charging direction; anoperational amplifier arranged to control conduction of said pair oftransistors, an inverting input of said operational amplifier connectedto sense the voltage developed across said resistor, a non-invertinginput of said operational amplifier connected to accept a time-varyingcontrol signal; and, a signal source arranged to deliver saidtime-varying control signal to said non-inverting input of saidoperational amplifier.
 13. Apparatus as in claim 12 wherein said signalsource comprises a square wave signal source.
 14. Apparatus as in claim12 wherein said signal source comprises a sine wave signal source. 15.Apparatus as in claim 12 wherein said pair of transistors comprises apair of mosfet transistors.
 16. Apparatus as in claim 12 wherein saidpair of transistors comprises a pair of bipolar junction transistors.17. Apparatus as in claim 12 wherein said auxiliary dc power sourcecomprises an electrochemical cell or battery.
 18. Apparatus as in claim12 wherein said auxiliary dc power source comprises a rectifier-typepower source connected to ac mains.
 19. Apparatus as in claim 13 saidsquare wave signal comprises the output voltage of a multiplexer toggledbetween first and second dc voltage levels by a timing signal. 20.Apparatus as in claim 19 wherein said first and second do voltage levelsresult from analog to digital conversion of first and second latcheddigital words.
 21. Apparatus as in claim 19 wherein said timing signalis outputted by a microprocessor or microcontroller.
 22. Apparatus as inclaim 20 wherein said first and second latched digital words areoutputted by a microprocessor or microcontroller.
 23. A method forexciting an electrochemical cell or battery with a square wave currentat a particular frequency comprising: latching a first digital wordrepresentative of a first level of said square wave current; latching asecond digital word representative of a second level of said square wavecurrent; converting said first and second digital words into first andsecond analog voltages; alternately selecting each of said first andsecond analog voltages in synchronism with a timing signal at saidparticular frequency; and, passing a current through saidelectrochemical cell or battery in accordance with the said analogvoltage selected.
 24. A method as in claim 23 wherein said first andsecond digital words and said timing signal are generated by amicroprocessor or microcontroller.
 25. A method as in claim 23 whereinthe average value of said square wave current is positive.
 26. A methodas in claim 23 wherein the average value of said square wave current isnegative.
 27. A method as in wherein the average value of said squarewave current is zero.
 28. A method as in claim 23 wherein said currentthrough said electrochemical cell or battery is proportional to the saidanalog voltage selected.
 29. A method for passing a square wave currenthaving zero average value through an electrochemical cell or batteryduring measurement of at least one component of complex immittancecomprising the steps of: a. passing a constant current of particularamplitude through said electrochemical cell or battery in the chargingdirection for a fixed interval of time; b. passing a constant current ofthe same said particular amplitude through said electrochemical cell orbattery in the discharging direction for the same said fixed interval oftime; and, c. alternately repeating steps a and b.
 30. A method forpassing a square wave current comprising a net charging current throughan electrochemical cell or battery during measurement of at least onecomponent of complex immittance comprising the steps of: a. passing aconstant current of particular amplitude through said electrochemicalcell or battery in the charging direction for a fixed interval of time;b. passing a constant current of amplitude smaller than said particularamplitude through said electrochemical cell or battery in thedischarging direction for the same said fixed interval of time; and, c.alternately repeating steps a and b.
 31. A method for passing a squarewave current comprising a net discharging current through anelectrochemical cell or battery during measurement of at least onecomponent of complex immittance comprising the steps of: a. passing aconstant current of particular amplitude through said electrochemicalcell or battery in the charging direction for a fixed interval of time;b. passing a constant current of amplitude larger than said particularamplitude through said electrochemical cell or battery in thedischarging direction for the same said fixed interval of time; and, c.alternately repeating steps a and b.
 32. Apparatus for exciting anelectrochemical cell or battery with a square wave current at aparticular frequency adapted to perform the method according to claim23.
 33. Apparatus for passing a square wave current having zero averagevalue through an electrochemical cell or battery adapted to perform themethod according to claim
 29. 34. Apparatus for passing a square wavecurrent comprising a net charging current through an electrochemicalcell or battery adapted to perform the method according to claim
 29. 35.Apparatus for passing a square wave current comprising a net dischargingcurrent through an electrochemical cell or battery adapted to performthe method according to claim 31.